Abstract: As the European Union (EU) funded SmartSociety project aims to create a toolset for rapidly and systematically engineering collective intelligence systems to support daily living, it simultaneously wants to ameliorate the risks to individuals of participating in these types of hyper-connected digital systems. This paper reports on a panel session at the close at of the 2015 IFIP summer school that reflected upon a keynote speech covering SmartSociety concepts, technologies and ethical dilemmas. The panel session was conceived as a consultative exercise as part of the ongoing Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) approach embedded within the SmartSociety project. In this chapter we present an analysis of the panel session discussion, which touched on several key issues, including the relationships between technology and society, what we should expect from a ‘SmartSociety’, barriers and horizons in managing ethical issues, and brokerage as a methodological approach to weaving multiple perspectives into design.

Citation: Hartswood, Mark, and Marina Jirotka. “SmartSociety: Collaboration Between Humans and Machines, Promises and Perils.” In Privacy and Identity Management. Time for a Revolution?, Aspinall, D., Camenisch, J., Hansen, M., Fischer-Hübner, S.,Raab, C. (Eds.) pp. 30-48. Springer.

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Abstract: In this paper, we introduce a privacy-enhanced Peer Manager, which is a fundamental building block for the implementation of a privacy-preserving collective adaptive systems computing platform. The Peer Manager is a user-centered identity management platform that keeps information owned by a user private and is built upon an attribute based privacy policy. Furthermore, this paper explores the ethical, privacy and social values aspects of collective adaptive systems and their extensive capacity to transform lives. We discuss the privacy, social and ethical issues around profiles and present their legal privacy requirements from the European legislation perspective. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2015.

Citation: Mark Hartswood, Marina Jirotka, Ronald Chenu-Abente, Alethia Hume, Fausto Giunchiglia, Leonardo A. Martucci, Simone Fischer-Hübner. “Privacy for Peer Profiling in Collective Adaptive Systems.” Privacy and Identity Management for the Future Internet in the Age of Globalisation. Springer International Publishing, 2014. 237-252.

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Abstract: We report work in progress on the role of models in the formation and maintenance of collectives in Hybrid Diversity-Aware Collective Adaptive Systems (HDA-CASs). HDA-CASs utilize hybrid computations involving machines and humans operating in collectives in a way that manages and leverages the diversity of collectives and machine-based computation. Here we explore the role of models in helping to constitute particular collectives and how models help shape the response of the collective. It appears that models are a potentially critical resource in collecting, sharing and acting on data gathered from the operation of CASs. This points to the potential role for models in the design of HDA-CASs. In particular we are interested in how models provide a sense of identity for a collective and can provide resources that shape the potential for collective action.

Citation: Stuart Anderson, Mark Hartswood and Marina Jirotka (2014). Reflection, collectives and adaptation: the role of models in the design of Collective Adaptive Systems. In the 2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops (SASOW 2014).

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Abstract: Given the potent and pervasive nature of modern technologies, this paper lays out the complexities involved in achieving responsible design. In order to do this we will first compare an emerging policy-oriented programme of research known as RRI (Responsible Research and Innovation) with initiatives in HCI. A focus on the similarities and differences may highlight to what extent responsibility is already and successfully embedded within the concerns and practices of design and use, and what may yet need to be incorporated for responsible design. The paper then discusses the challenges of ‘naturalising’ the very ambitious programme of RRI within specific design activities and concerns, through the lens of four analytic concepts: reflexivity; responsiveness; inclusion; and anticipation. Finally, we make a case for a pragmatic, ‘unromantic’, but engaged reinterpretation of RRI for HCI.

Citation: Grimpe, B., Hartswood, M., and Jirotka, M. (2014). Towards a closer a dialogue between Policy and Practice: Responsible Design in HCI. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’14), Toronto.

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Abstract: This chapter is concerned with how social order is established within collectives and the ethical problems that arise when we attempt to create and direct collectives towards particular ends. It draws on our work to establish governance principles for Smart Society—an EU project aiming to engineer Collective Adaptive Systems comprised of people and machines with diverse capabilities and goals that are able to tackle societal grand challenges. We examine how social values are implicated in and transformed by Collective Adaptive Systems, and suggest approaches to multilevel governance design that are responsive to emergent capabilities and sensitive to conflicting perspectives. Finally we illustrate our approach with a worked example of a sensor-based system in a care setting.

Citation: Hartswood, M., Grimpe, B., and Jirotka, M., “Towards the ethical governance of Smart Society”, In Miorandi, D., Maltese, V., Rovatsos, M., Nijholt., A. and Stewart, J. (eds) Social collective intelligence: Combining the powers of humans and machines Springer, 2014.

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This work was presented at HAIDM 2015. The 2015 workshop on Human-Agent Interaction Design and Models was co-organised by SmartSociety.

Abstract: The majority of volunteers participating in citizen science projects perform only a few tasks each before leaving the system. We designed an intervention strategy to reduce disengagement in 16 different citizen science projects. Targeted users who had left the system received emails that directly addressed motivational factors that affect their engagement. Results show that participants receiving the emails were significantly more likely to return to productive activity when compared to a control group.

Keywords: Peer production, crowdsourcing, citizen science, intervention strategies.

Citation: Segal, A., Gal, Y.A.K., Simpson, R.J., Victoria Homsy, V., Hartswood, M., Page, K.R. and Jirotka, M., 2015, May. Improving productivity in citizen science through controlled intervention. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion (pp. 331-337). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.

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Abstract. We introduce the concept of Hybrid Diversity – Aware Collective Adaptive Systems (HDA-CAS) and their proposed role in addressing social problems associated with urban living, health, and financial markets. Our concern is for their responsible development and deployment, and to this end, we suggest perspectives on the governance of social machines and a framework from which to design governance regimes for HDACAS.

Keywords: governance, ethical governance, social machines, collective adaptive systems.

doi: http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/cgc/2013/5114/00/5114a426-abs.html

Citation: Hartswood, M., Grimpe, B., and Jirotka, M., “Towards Ethical Governance of Social Machines,” cgc, pp.426-427, 2013 International Conference on Cloud and Green Computing, 2013.

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